History of Cloning?
1885 - First-ever demonstration of artificial embryo twinning
First seen in a sea Urchin due it being a simple organism that researchers can easily study.
1902 - Artificial embryo twinning in a vertebrate
Challenge was how o split the embryo of a salamander. Spemann split the cells by tying a piece of hair between the two embryos until they split.
1928 - The cell nucleus controls embryonic development
Spemann once again used hair to split a fertilized embryo and grew it into a cloned salamander.
1952 - First successful nuclear transfer
Briggs and King transferred the nucleus from an early tadpole embryo into an enucleated frog egg. They repeated this process and produced many cloned tadpoles.
1958 - Nuclear transfer from a differentiated cell
John Gurdon took nuclei from embryo and put them in enucleated cells to create identical copies. This experiment showed the possibilities of using somatic cells to create clones.
1975 - First mammalian embryo created by nuclear transfer
This was a breakthrough because mammal cells are much smaller than salamanders and it showed improvement in technology.
1984 - First mammal created by nuclear transfer
By using chemicals to separate em embryos and using electrical shock to fuse the nuclei to the new enucleated cell it made the process much more efficient.
1987 - Nuclear transfer from embryonic cell
This experiment added cows to the list of mammals that could be cloned.
1996 - Nuclear transfer from laboratory cells
This experiment was one of the first to not use a donor nuclei. Wilmut and Campbell transferred the nuclei from cultured cells into enucleated sheep egg cells
1996 - Dolly: First mammal created by somatic cell nuclear transfer
Dolly the first cloned mammal was created.
1997 - First primate created by embryonic cell nuclear transfer
First primate cloned.
1997 - Nuclear transfer from genetically engineered laboratory cells
Factor IX codes for a protein that helps blood clot, and it's used to treat hemophilia. This experiment showed that humans can manipulate other genes in other animals to study possible future cures.
1998-1999 - More mammals cloned by somatic cell nuclear transfer
Multiple other mammals were cloned using somatic cell nuclear transfer method.
2001 - Endangered animals cloned by somatic cell nuclear transfer
To preserve species scientists cloned near extinct animals.
2007 - Primate embryonic stem cells created by somatic cell nuclear transfer
This experiment showed that nuclear transfer in a primates was possible.
2013 - Human embryonic stem cells created by somatic cell nuclear transfer
For the first time researchers were able to clone a human but it did not pass the embryo stage.
First seen in a sea Urchin due it being a simple organism that researchers can easily study.
1902 - Artificial embryo twinning in a vertebrate
Challenge was how o split the embryo of a salamander. Spemann split the cells by tying a piece of hair between the two embryos until they split.
1928 - The cell nucleus controls embryonic development
Spemann once again used hair to split a fertilized embryo and grew it into a cloned salamander.
1952 - First successful nuclear transfer
Briggs and King transferred the nucleus from an early tadpole embryo into an enucleated frog egg. They repeated this process and produced many cloned tadpoles.
1958 - Nuclear transfer from a differentiated cell
John Gurdon took nuclei from embryo and put them in enucleated cells to create identical copies. This experiment showed the possibilities of using somatic cells to create clones.
1975 - First mammalian embryo created by nuclear transfer
This was a breakthrough because mammal cells are much smaller than salamanders and it showed improvement in technology.
1984 - First mammal created by nuclear transfer
By using chemicals to separate em embryos and using electrical shock to fuse the nuclei to the new enucleated cell it made the process much more efficient.
1987 - Nuclear transfer from embryonic cell
This experiment added cows to the list of mammals that could be cloned.
1996 - Nuclear transfer from laboratory cells
This experiment was one of the first to not use a donor nuclei. Wilmut and Campbell transferred the nuclei from cultured cells into enucleated sheep egg cells
1996 - Dolly: First mammal created by somatic cell nuclear transfer
Dolly the first cloned mammal was created.
1997 - First primate created by embryonic cell nuclear transfer
First primate cloned.
1997 - Nuclear transfer from genetically engineered laboratory cells
Factor IX codes for a protein that helps blood clot, and it's used to treat hemophilia. This experiment showed that humans can manipulate other genes in other animals to study possible future cures.
1998-1999 - More mammals cloned by somatic cell nuclear transfer
Multiple other mammals were cloned using somatic cell nuclear transfer method.
2001 - Endangered animals cloned by somatic cell nuclear transfer
To preserve species scientists cloned near extinct animals.
2007 - Primate embryonic stem cells created by somatic cell nuclear transfer
This experiment showed that nuclear transfer in a primates was possible.
2013 - Human embryonic stem cells created by somatic cell nuclear transfer
For the first time researchers were able to clone a human but it did not pass the embryo stage.